The lead contributor was SofÃa MartÃnez, International Crisis Groupâs analyst for Central Americaâs Northern Triangle, with editing by Chris Toensing and design (print version) by Kjell Olsson. Gangs routinely confiscate houses in locations they see as âstrategicâ and turn them into casas locas (literally, âcrazy housesâ). It was founded in Los Angeles in the 1980s by immigrants from El Salvador and later spread throughout the United States, Central America, and The president authorized the army to use "lethal force" against the mareros and ordered that in the prisons they mix members of different gangs. We canât clean up everybodyâs mess, he means. Extortion at places of business is the bigger problem. It can promote more programs to rehabilitate jailed gang members and care for victims, especially the most vulnerable such as abused women. The affluent generally stay inside gated compounds. El Salvador: El violento paisaje de las maras La violencia desgarra a El Salvador, ante la indiferencia de sus élites y de la mirada internacional. The climate of fear is such that thousands of families have abandoned their homes and headed north toward the U.S. border. It was that or submit to the gangsâ rule somewhere else in the country. Bukele contra las maras: cuáles son las principales pandillas de El Salvador y por qué es tan peligroso que las mezclen en las cárceles Roberto Valencia Especial para BBC Mundo, El Salvador A youth who lives in MS-13 territory but whose grandmother lives in Barrio 18-R territory will meet her only on âneutral groundâ or at a place where no one knows their names and faces. Maras like MS-13 were formed in the streets of Los Angeles 30 years ago by young men who had fled the 1980-1992 civil war. Alma Guillermoprieto, antigua corresponsal, regresa al país tres décadas después para documentar este nuevo ciclo bárbaro. El Salvadorâs government and its ⦠pic.twitter.com/FdlTqLjsbg, â Osiris Luna Meza (@OsirisLunaMeza) April 27, 2020. Former President Mauricio Funes made efforts to improve conditions for jailed mareros in exchange for a gang ceasefire. Thousands of adolescents were roaming the streets with no jobs and little else to do. El Salvador presenta uno de los índices de homicidio más elevados a nivel mundial. Their children could face the biggest danger, as itâs only a matter of time before the maras pick many of them out as targets. MS-13 members will not utter the number â18â. In 2017, 296,000 people were displaced. Not all gang members are so easily identifiable. The gangs' decision was motivated by three concerns: first, the less the quarantine was enforced, the greater the presence of the army and police in the neighbourhoods; second, the growth of the pandemic could affect the prisons and infect their gang members; and third, the more COVID-19 infections there were in El Salvador, the less likely it was that medical centres would provide a ventilator for a marero, should he need one. The last point on which the El Faro investigation sheds light is the one the official made known to them: the Salvadoran government has no plan to avoid the disputes inside the cells and they hope that they will organize some kind of amnesty in their confinement. Jeannette Aguilar, investigadora de temas de violencia, señaló que esos grupos criminales restringen el ⦠And itâs for the army and police, who wait until after dark to conduct their house-by-house searches for criminal suspects. Ya no se limitan a las esquinas del barrio; ahora, sus operaciones tienen otras dimensiones: son dictadas con base en sus fuertes vínculos con organizaciones del narcotráfi co" 31 .Al analizar el caso de El Salvador, la investigadora Sonja Wolf destaca que las maras Salvatrucha y 18 muestran grandes diferencias con las pandillas tradicionales. Media reports about MS-13 and other maras depict the members bearing archetypal tattoos and speaking in trademark slang. Las pandillas Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) y Barrio 18, entre otras, tienen unos 70.000 miembros en El Salvador, más de 17.000 de ellos encarcelados, y se dedican a la extorsión, el ⦠The President also made known that he was willing to use the nation's resources to defend members of the public force who were sued for the excessive use of force. To defy the gangs is to court death. The Covid-19 Pandemic and Deadly Conflict, The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer, Turkeyâs PKK Conflict: A Visual Explainer, Finding a Path to Peace in Ethiopiaâs Tigray Region, Myanmarâs Military Should Reverse Its Coup, Venezuela: What Lies Ahead after Election Clinches Maduroâs Clean Sweep, In Syriaâs Idlib, Washingtonâs Chance to Reimagine Counter-terrorism. For details of Crisis Groupâs analysts, their commentaries and reports countering the crisis of violent crime in Central Americaâs Northern Triangle and Mexico, please see https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america. Over time, the gang grew into a more traditional criminal organization. In any case, the cure may result in aggravating the disease without solving the country's underlying problems of poverty and inequality. Â, El Salvador's brutal condemnation of the maras taking advantage of the Covid-19. The same year, El Salvadorâs Supreme Court labelled the MS-13 and the two factions of Barrio 18 as âterroristâ organisations. In El Salvador, gangs found fertile ground for recruitment with the country roiled by post-war political upheaval and mired in economic stagnation. Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), international gang involved in drug and human smuggling, prostitution, murder, and extortion, among other illegal activities. The combination of quarantine and the "barrio decision" made by the maras led to a historic decrease in the number of fatalities recorded per day in El Salvador. Las maras en El Salvador In Maras y pandillas en Centroamérica, edited by I. ERIC, IDIES, IUDOP. Their influence has grown so great that every major political party in El Salvador and Honduras has at some point paid gangs during elections. Nevertheless, the government continues to rely almost solely on security crackdowns to tackle gangs. A marero had thrown a homemade bomb into her neighbourâs house, killing four people. Nowadays, the average member is around 25 years old, lives in either a house in a poor neighbourhood or an overcrowded jail, has never held a formal job and did not finish secondary education. Managua: UCA Publicaciones Sassen, Saskia. âThe state has forsaken these territories and we have taken control of what it abandoned. In addition, the police commissioner told the Salvadoran media that two other factors were at play: on the one hand, gang members are seeing the economic suffocation of not being able to collect the extortions they regularly use for their livelihoods - plus the aggravation that their relatives are not being able to exercise the legal economic activities in which they usually work - so they may be afraid of losing power, and the increase in homicides is "a wake-up call to say that they are still there, with the same power and in control of their areas," reported El Faro. Less than a month ago, the news came out of El Salvador that the various maras had made a "decisión de barrio" to enforce the quarantine imposed by the government of Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele. President Bukele's hope in doing all this and then confining the men in the same cell, crowded and mixed, is that by having the members of different maras together, they cannot plan murders that would then be communicated to members outside the prisons. Every Salvadoran knows someone who was shot dead by gang members or someone who pulled the trigger. Este análisis se basa en After sunset, many streets in San Salvador are deserted. Intensifying gang violence is one of the biggest factors pushing hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans to flee their homes. The Iran Nuclear Deal at Five: A Revival? Ein Fluchtgrund für El Salvadorianer ist die extreme Gewalt: In dem mittelamerikanischen Land beherrschen Jugendbanden, die Maras, die Armenviertel. Al pasar los años, las Maras de El Salvador consiguieron tener un control territorial real. The Mara Salvatrucha, or MS13, is perhaps the most notorious street gang in the Western Hemisphere. But numerous others head north to seek asylum in Mexico or the U.S. On the road, they meet other Central Americans like Luisa, fleeing towns and cities in Guatemala and Honduras that are also plagued by the marasâ extortion and murder. La Mara Salvatrucha, las dos alas de la pandilla Dieciocho, la revolucionaria y la sureña, y la Mao Mao. This may explain the effort by the mareros to recover their territories. The government can enforce its Safe El Salvador plan, which focuses as much on crime prevention as on law enforcement. With U.S. help, the Salvadoran government should try to counter gangs with crime prevention as much as with law enforcement. Top officials in El Salvador are aware of the magnitude of the challenge. The maras, in this analysis, are the primary and most urgent problem facing countries such as El Salvador. âThe maras are important when you have nothing, when you are born deadâ, says the Salvadoran anthropologist Juan José Martinez DâAubuisson. El Salvador Die gefürchteten Mara-Jugendbanden. In Gangs in the Global City. Having suffered gang violence, Sessions said, will no longer be enough to claim asylum in the U.S. So itâs ironic that Salvadoran gangs are partly the byproduct of earlier U.S. immigration policies. A mara (or marabunta) is a form of gang originating in the United States, which spread to Central American countries such as El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala. As more Salvadorans are expelled from the U.S., the situation will only get worse. With 24 hours of the start of the truce, the homicide rate dropped by 50 per cent. 2007. If asked their age, for instance, they reply, âIâm 17 + 1â. The gangs remain rooted in the streets but have now penetrated every layer of Salvadoran society. Anyone who doesnât pay up might come to regret it later. Reina*, 30, left her small community in central El Salvador with her sister and three children after the gangs moved in. Together, these three organisations count around 65,000 members, according to police records. Maras are a significant force in El Salvadorâs criminal and political landscape. The Salvadoran investigative media, El Faro, contrasted the information obtained through spokespersons for the MS-13 and the Sureños del Barrio 18 faction with that of a police commissioner and an official seeking to reconstruct the circumstances that led to the resurgence of violence in the country and the adoption of these measures in the prisons. [6] These maras (sophisticated, third generation gangs) dominate local pandillas (smaller, less-sophisticated gangs) and challenge the state monopoly on force and political power. In a 2017 survey, 40 per cent of Salvadorans said they approved of torture as a crime-fighting technique and 34.6 per cent said the same of extrajudicial killing. A partir de este día, El Diario de Hoy le presenta un amplio reportaje sobre el control que ejercen cuatro grupos de maras o pandillas. Most gang members were around fifteen years old when they first joined. There are other steps that can be taken. Bukele responded with two measures, both published via Twitter: authorising the public forces to use "lethal force" against the mareros and the decision to mix members of different maras in prison cells, in order to prevent communication between them. Boys aged twelve and older are prime targets for recruitment. The night is for the maras, which do most of their killing then. The casas locas are hangouts where gang members smoke, drink and perform ritual initiation of new recruits. Police officers always wear a gorro navarone, or face-covering balaclava, scared that gang members will come after them and their families. Behind closed doors the authorities agree that they are âfighting a war they cannot winâ. https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america, El Salvadorâs Politics of Perpetual Violence. Over the last fifteen years, various Salvadoran governments have tried to crush gangs con mano dura â with an iron fist. The gang warned the rest of the family to depart. The Global City: One Setting for New Types of Gang Work and Political Culture. La investigación concluye en que las "zonas de paz" suponen un camino peligroso donde las maras tienen el poder para negociar con el Estado. Together, these three organisations count around 65,000 members, according to police records. After Washington toughened immigration laws, it deported thousands of mareros to their home country in the late 1990s and early 2000s. foto edh / ARCHIVO Ãscar, the security official pictured above, uses a common Spanish expression, pagar los platos rotos. Review our privacy policy for more details. Both the press agencies operating in El Salvador and the prison authorities themselves have released chilling images where dozens of half-naked men emerge lined up, sitting in narrow rows, each one's chest touching the other's back, and where - a novelty for the Salvadoran press - men with the letters MS and the number 18 tattooed on their bodies were gathered equally. But many more people â some 500,000 all told â depend on the gangs for their livelihood. The maras, including the infamous MS-13, or Mara Salvatrucha, are active in 94 per cent of El Salvadorâs 262 municipalities. Las noticias de última hora de El Salvador y el mundo sobre deportes, política, economía, tecnología, opinión, editoriales, negocios, cultura, entretenimiento âWe are open to dialogue with anyone who wants to hear the MS-13 voice, the gangâs spokesperson told El Faro. Many escape to stay with relatives elsewhere in the country. El 13 de mayo de 2006, Ernesto Smokey Miranda, un exsoldado de alto rango y uno de los fundadores de la Mara Salvatrucha, fue asesinado en su casa en El Salvador unas horas después de negarse a asistir a una fiesta para una miembro de la banda que acababa de ser liberada de la prisión. But the politicians fear to sit down with the gangs because that becomes an excuse for another party to attack themâ. Porque es cierto. It was here, in the early 1980s, where El Salvadorâs two main gangs were formed: the Mara Salvatrucha (or MS-13) and Barrio 18. In neighbourhoods throughout the capital, San Salvador, residents heading to work or school pass through an informal checkpoint where a bandera â the term the gangs use for their young lookouts and errand runners â asks everyone for a dollar. At many of the roadblocks, the bandera is barely eight years old. Girls can also be targeted at an early age, either to join the gang or to become sex slaves. Many Salvadorans stay away from public places and even avoid walking down the street. In many of these âred zonesâ, gangs are not just a standing danger to public safety but also a de facto authority that exerts tremendous control over residentsâ daily lives. Many families will think that their safest option is to go back to the U.S., despite all the hazards that they will face along the way, the possibility that they will be denied entry, and the risk of another deportation. Todos los derechos reservados. SAN SALVADOR, Mar 28 2008 (IPS) - Youth gangs in El Salvador are changing their recruitment methods, targeting ever younger potential members in the slum neighbourhoods of the capital, authorities report. Sencillamente, ellos mandan. But Salvadorans pay the renta and toe the gangsâ line for fear of retaliation â not out of loyalty or gratitude. The U.S. can help by either allowing Salvadorans with Temporary Protected Status to stay in the U.S., or by assisting the Salvadoran government with reintegrating deportees through the creation of job opportunities and improvement of public services. In January 2018, the U.S. announced that in September 2019 it would be terminating the Temporary Protected Status designation, which had allowed 195,000 Salvadorans to work and live legally in the U.S. for nearly twenty years. Gangs also claim to be providing a âcommunity serviceâ by protecting locals from other criminals and corrupt police. In contrast with previous migration waves, there are now fewer young men making the journey in search of jobs and many more families with children and young or expectant mothers escaping poverty and gang violence. Prison conditions for gang members worsened and the mano dura operations resumed. El uso de la fuerza letal está autorizado para defensa propia o para la defensa de la vida de los salvadoreños.Instamos a la oposición a que se pongan del lado de la gente honrada, y a las instituciones que controlan a dejar de proteger a quienes asesinan a nuestro pueblo. Todas las noticias sobre Maras publicadas en EL PAÍS. In June, then Attorney General Jeff Sessions slammed the door shut to still more Salvadorans fleeing life-or-death situations. For their part, gangs repeatedly say they want to start a new dialogue to obtain better prison conditions and cut down the number of police raids in their neighbourhoods. Mara Salvatrucha, commonly known as MS-13, is an international criminal gang that originated in Los Angeles, California, in the 1970s and 1980s.Originally, the gang was set up to protect Salvadoran immigrants from other gangs in the Los Angeles area.
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